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This series presents information based in part on theory and conjecture.

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The producer's purpose is to suggest some possible explanations but not necessarily

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the only ones to the mysteries we will examine.

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This monstrous crater nearly three miles around is over 60 stories deep.

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It may mark a moment in time when life on our planet was forever changed.

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Speculation suggests that a monstrous asteroid careened from its orbit and struck the earth

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with apocalyptic fury.

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75% of all life may have been destroyed in sudden cataclysm.

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The use of asteroids churned through the abyss of space.

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Could one suddenly tumble towards our planet bringing about the end of the world?

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The Arizona desert, it probably has not changed much in appearance for 25,000 years.

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A long ago, a huge asteroid weighing millions of tons suddenly, unexplainably fell from

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its orbit and tumbled headlong towards the earth.

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It probably exploded with a force far greater than any recorded nuclear explosion, leaving

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this crater.

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Founder of the American Meteorite Laboratory, Dr. H. H. Nanninger.

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The greatest geological force that has ever operated in the crust of the earth has been

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the force of impact.

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We have a little example of that impact here before us today.

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I say a little one because this one is about four-fifths of a mile across and 600 feet

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deep, but that is a baby by the side of others that have been found on the earth that are

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old, that have been wiped out almost entirely by erosion.

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Originally, twice as high and deep, enormous craters have been uniquely preserved by the

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climate of Australia.

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Craters were blasted out of solid granite.

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One huge Canadian crater is even visible from space.

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Thousands of meteors have hit the United States itself, for the most part, the invisible

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remains have long since been covered by the elements.

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The face of the moon is a clear example of impact.

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Seen from earth, its craters appear as tiny pock marks.

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They are actually up to hundreds of miles in diameter.

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It's hard to believe that our earth's appearance was at one time very similar to the moon's

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today.

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What result did this awesome force have during our planet's ancient past?

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We don't find the North Pole in the past at the same location it is now by any means.

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It has been shifted as much as 30 or 40 degrees from time to time.

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And the only sensible explanation for that that I can think of is impact.

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Recent studies have established that our earth's poles, as shown here, have undergone complete

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reversal in the past.

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Evidence of this sudden catastrophic shift lies hidden in the enigmatic vastness of the

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North Pole.

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Pole reefs have been discovered here, as well as trees with their fruit and leaves frozen

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intact.

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In 1900, explorers unearthed this mammoth with an unshoed mouthful of buttercups, its

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stomach full of summer grasses.

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The icy Siberian tundra conceals the fact that giant woolly mammoths once roamed a

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lush land until a disaster froze them in an instant.

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What a meteor bombardment have brought about at end to their world.

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Pitted by its blistering entry into the atmosphere, a meteorite similar to this one contained enough

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iron to produce nearly 50,000 cards.

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It blasted this crater from the Arizona bedrock.

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Diamonds were created instantaneously.

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This computerized graphic illustrates the three million tons of crushed earth and meteor

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that in less than a second were strewn for miles over the surrounding countryside.

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One block, the size of a large house, was thrown into the crater lip.

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It is a mere speck in comparison to the immensity of the crater itself.

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A larger asteroid could have resulted in a crater the size of the state of Missouri.

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A meteorite by the time it comes into view will already be within almost less than a

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hundred miles of its target.

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And a hundred miles for the travel of an asteroid or a meteorite would be covered in just a

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few seconds.

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So there is no such thing as getting ready for this thing.

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We'll never know in advance that one is coming.

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Asteroids orbit between Jupiter and Mars.

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However, there are Mavericks whose orbits actually cross that of our planet.

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Kalamor Observatory in California has accelerated their research to track these potential threats.

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Eleanor Helene, senior scientist at California Institute of Technology, is the world's foremost

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asteroid tracker.

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She has discovered several hundred, including this one, the raw shalom.

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We could be caught unawares.

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It is our plan to be as prepared as we can.

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And I think the increase in general observation for survey and search will give us much more

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lead time to at least be aware that something is coming in close.

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Skylab fell from its orbit smashing into Australia.

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Our sophisticated technology was helpless.

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We could do nothing but wait and see where it would hit.

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Well, it's certainly been our experience, unfortunately, that if an object is found

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on a collisional course with the Earth, and we've had a few exercises that fortunately

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have not approved to be true, that we really have no means of deflecting an object that

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is coming directly toward the Earth, at least at this time, as far as I'm aware.

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Because of this potential threat from space, NASA is studying the force of impact in order

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to know what to expect.

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The light gas gun, the only one of its kind on Earth, was built to study such an event.

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A pellet simulating a meteorite is carefully placed into the gun.

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A piston is locked into place.

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It will pump millions of pounds of high pressure hydrogen gas into the gun.

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A final check is carefully conducted.

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Because of the tremendous pressures generated, any mistake could prove fatal to the crew.

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The gun is raised to the vertical position.

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Upon firing, the pellet will hurtle down the tube at a speed nearing six miles per second.

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A target representing the Earth is prepared, and the room is evacuated.

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The gun is fired.

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The target exhibits a striking resemblance to meteor crater.

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Planetologist Donald Galt has experimented for years with the light gas gun.

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Now we know that on Earth, we have craters up to 100 miles in diameter, with three out

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of every four objects that strike the Earth landing in the ocean basins.

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We wonder what would happen if a big object struck in the ocean, say the Pacific Ocean,

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and produced a transient crater, the water would collapse, a transient crater 100 miles

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in diameter.

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The ocean is only an average of two or three miles deep, so we'd just wipe the water right

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off the floor of the ocean for 100 miles, and it would collapse.

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The tidal waves that result from such an event, they just stagger the imagination.

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We just don't know what would happen, really, except it would be devastation on a terrible scale.

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If such an object landed on land, for example, suppose it's centered right in the middle

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of Chicago, it would totally obliterate the city in the surrounding suburbs around Lake

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Michigan to the north and south of Chicago.

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And that's a little spooky, because we don't know when some big object like this is coming

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in and could strike the Earth.

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A startling theory has recently come to light, suggesting that a meteor impact could cause

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the end of the world.

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Scientists have long been perplexed by the abrupt disappearance of the dinosaurs 65 million

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years ago.

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Trying for clues to explain this mystery, researchers delved deeply into the ocean bottom.

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Drilling was conducted worldwide to collect samples of the prehistoric Earth.

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A layer of thin clay is the soil upon which the dinosaurs lived.

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Closer examination with microphotography produced startling results.

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Examples of living organisms vanished in the layer above, seemingly proof of sudden extinction.

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Further investigation was conducted at laboratories in Berkeley, California.

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Scientists Frank Asaro subjected the samples to complex computer analysis.

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The amount of raridium was found to be nearly 200 times that of the other elements in the

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Earth sample.

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Scientists were amazed.

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Irridium, a rare metal, is never found in this great amount on Earth.

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The unusually high abundance of irridium that was detected in the clay layer suggested

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that the irridium came from an extraordinary extraterrestrial event.

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An asteroid is the only possible explanation for the incredibly high percentage of irridium.

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Could a meteor crater-like event have actually brought about an end of the world?

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The asteroid impact theory envisions that an asteroid struck the Earth about 65 million

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years ago.

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This caused a tremendous explosion, possibly larger than 100 million megatons, and this

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erupted not only the asteroid mass, but perhaps 60 times its mass of terrestrial material,

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and a good part of this went into the upper atmosphere, possibly 17 trillion tons, and

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this spread around the Earth, turning day into night.

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At this time, some 75% of all living species became extinguished.

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Yet asteroids are not the only threats.

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Comets, frozen bodies of ice and gas, twice in the last 80 years have exploded into the

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Russian countryside.

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Several footage shows the aftermath of the 1908 Tunguska explosion.

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Dr. Eugene Shoemaker, world-renowned authority on cratering and recent electee to the National

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Academy of Science.

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If an event like Tunguska were to happen today over a populated part of the Earth, that event

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would almost surely be perceived by the people and by the nation in which it happened as

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a nuclear attack.

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This event would look to people almost exactly like a nuclear explosion.

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The hazard is not from the direct effects of the impact or encounter with those small

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asteroids, but rather how they are perceived by man and how man will react to it.

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If that event happens over a nation that possesses nuclear weapons, will they respond?

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It's the hazard and that's the unknowable.

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Doomsday, apocalypse, Armageddon.

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Deep within the soul of humanity lies a primal fear, the fear of the total destruction of

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the Earth as we know it, the end of the world.

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Throughout time, we have always been at the mercy of nature's potentially catastrophic

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forces.

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Today, however, we hold the power to bring about Earth-shattering holocausts ourselves.

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Can there possibly be a solution to these global problems?

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The infinite frontier, space, stretching endlessly upon itself.

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Could its mysterious vastness be part of the answer?

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Investigative research into the possibilities is being conducted at Princeton University.

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Dr. Gerard O'Neill, high-energy physicist and NASA consultant on space-related matters.

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We're very, very fortunate because after all of the centuries of the development of human

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civilization, we're just in this critical period where the breakout of humanity into

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space can occur within the next one or two decades for us.

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Perhaps the most critical breakout that there could be thought of over hundreds of years

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of time, because once that happens, the human race will be unkillable, no single natural

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disaster can wipe it out.

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And once that happens, all the other transitions, going out throughout the solar system, eventually

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even to other stars, are far, far easier than this one critical breakout that we're about

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to make at this time.

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NASA's space shuttle is at the forefront of present space technology.

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It is our first step toward the use of space as a refuge.

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Spacecraft and others like it will one day be our galactic covered wagons to the stars.

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The whole point about the high frontier of space is that it's a virtually unlimited

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resource of energy and materials.

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We're suffering increasing poverty here on the surface of the Earth, and it makes sense

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to go out and begin using that wealth of solar energy and of materials.

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In solar panels, many square miles in area, could one day beam limitless energy through

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space.

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Solar energy is eight times as efficient there and reliable 24 hours a day.

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Ironically, the asteroids we fear will one day be mined for their valuable resources of

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iron and nickel.

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To accomplish this, Dr. O'Neill and his colleagues have invented the mass driver, an intricately

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designed motor that converts electrical energy into motion at speeds exceeding 15 miles

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per second.

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It will accelerate mined resources to processing stations in space.

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In evolutionary terms, it's a very natural thing for us to move out into the new environment

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of space and begin using the resources that are there.

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Humanity has always moved into new areas where natural resources could be found.

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In the long run, people are going to be moving out into space in considerable numbers.

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It turns out that the material resources that exist even relatively nearby are enough to

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build about 3,000 times the land area of the Earth in the form of space colonies.

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Going to a space colony would be, in the beginning, a little like taking a trip across the ocean

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by ship.

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It would take about five to seven days of travel time in a very comfortable ship with its own

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artificial gravity.

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At tremendous speeds, the transfer of craft would jet far beyond terrestrial boundaries,

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penetrating into the profound silence of space.

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Through a zero-gravity corridor, one would begin moving down into the colony.

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A large valley would open out, possibly filled with lakes, trees, grass, and flowers.

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Unburdened by heavy industry, a colony could be a very silven, park-like environment.

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Each colony, supporting perhaps 50 to 100,000 people, could be unique.

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Work would be done in nearby modules, each a complete ecosystem, self-supporting and

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independent.

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Air, water, and other resources would be completely recycled.

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And access to the sun would give the ability to control the seasons at will.

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Giant hothouses would allow crops to be grown year-round.

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At first heavily dependent on the Earth, the colonies eventually would become miniature

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worlds of their own.

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Technological advancements would release us from many laborious tasks, which are presently

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a necessity.

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This would allow more time for personal creativity and experimentation.

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Dr. O'Neill believes that by the middle of the next century, millions of us will be moving

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out into space.

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The National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C. chronicles the quest to expand our earthly

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limits, pushing beyond our boundaries ever in quest of new challenges.

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What was impossible 40 years ago is commonly accepted today.

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Technology has clearly begun to satisfy our desire to conquer space itself.

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The International Committee for the Future's President, Barbara Marx Hubbard, has testified

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before the Congressional Subcommittee on Space.

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One of the fascinating things about outer space is you've got to cooperate to live.

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I think we'll learn new models of how people can work together.

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Because there, if you fight, you die immediately.

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Maybe it's a new place for the human race to learn how to live together.

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And the people on Earth will learn lessons from what the people in space are doing on

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the new frontier.

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Right now on planet Earth, we're in a zero-sum game.

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One nation can't gain without taking resources away from another.

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And that's why we see hostility increasing all around us.

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I think that if we can move out into an environment where there's virtually unlimited energy and

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material resources for everyone, we ought to find it possible to live with less hostility

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than there is at the present time.

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That's certainly my hope.

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It's the step probably of the greatest freedom and emancipation that the human race has ever

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known.

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It has been a long history of freedom.

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If you think of it starting in the early caves and then exploring the seas and then going

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over the mountains and then getting in the aeroplanes and seeing if we could fly.

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At every step, people said, we can't do it.

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There were the impossibleists.

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And then there were the possibleists that expanded human freedom.

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There is always the lure of the possible future.

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What humanity envisions can often be achieved.

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Coming up next in search of continues with a probe into the historical facts about Noah's

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flood.

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Then 20th century with Mike Wallace journeys into the eye of the storm for a report on

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the destructive power of hurricanes.

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And later tonight, find out how one week in time holds an amazing wealth of history as

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this week in history looks at the launching of Sputnik 1 and other extraordinary events.

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9 here on the History Channel where the past comes alive.